International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry
Submit Paper Now! International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry (IJSRCH) is peer-reviewed, online international journal published Bimonthly by Technoscience Academy. IJSRCH is a highly-selective journal, covering topics that appeal to a broad readership of various branches of Chemistry, Chemical Sciences and related fields. The Journal has many benefits all geared toward strengthening research skills and advancing academic careers. Journal publications are a vital part of academic career advancement. To maintain a high-quality journal, manuscripts that appear in the IJSRCH Articles section have been subjected to a rigorous review process. This includes blind reviews by one or more members of the international editorial review board, followed by a detailed review by the IJSRCH editors. Email addresses for submitting articles are editorijsrch@gmail.com, editor@ijsrch.com JOURNAL INFORMATION Title : International Journal of Scientific Research in Chemistry Frequency : Bimonthly E-ISSN : 2456-8457 Publisher : Technoscience Academy [ https://technoscienceacademy.com ] Refereed : Peer Review Copyright : Technoscience Academy, India Starting Year : 2016 Subject : Chemistry and Chemical Sciences Language : English Distribution : Open Access Publication Format : PDF & HTML -> Online Document Identifier Type : DOI (https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRCH ) Email Id : editor@ijsrch.com, editorijsrch@gmail.com Mobile No. : +91-8160745806 (WhatsApp support only) Website : https://ijsrch.com
Synthesis, Molecular Docking, Biological Screening and Antioxidant Studies of Substituted 1, 3-Diketones with Their Transition Metal (II) Complexes
Three series of 1, 3-diones 4(LA- LC) and their transition metal (II) complexes 5LA (a-e), 5LB (a-e) and 5LC (a-e) have been synthesized, spectroscopically characterized and their in vitro efficacies were evaluated. Bidentate ligands were derived from substituted aromatic acids and substituted orthohydroxy acetophenone under ultrasound irradiation methods at low temperature. The simple substitution reactions between the metal nitrate and ligands yielded the titled complexes. However, in situ procedure gives high yield with formation of single products as evident by TLC. Elemental analysis, IR, 1H and 13C-NMR , Massspectra, UV-Vis., magnetic susceptibility and conductance measurements were done to characterize the ligands and their metal complexes [where, M= Mn (II), Fe (III), Co (II), Ni (II) and Cu (II) ]. All the evidences suggested that the complexes have octahedral geometry. The stoichiometry of the complexes was found to be 1:2 (metal: ligand). The conductivity data show that the complexes are non-electrolyte in nature. The antioxidants activity of the ligands and their metal (II) complexes have been carried out using DPPH free radical scavenging activity and found to be most effective. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the ligands and their complexes have been carried out and on the basis the molecular docking studyagainst the peptide deformylase of the most effective complexes has been reported.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis of a Tri-nuclear Ruthenium Complex via Alkyne Insertion into the Ru-C Bond
This investigation delves into the creation, responsiveness, and biological effects of a tri nuclear ruthenium complex formed through the integration of alkynes into the Ru-C bond. Employing a one-pot reaction, we successfully synthesized the complex and employed diverse spectroscopic techniques for its characterization. We probed ruthenium reactivity through interactions with varied substrates, encompassing alkynes and dienes, resulting in the formation of diverse products.
Biological Activity of a Tri-nuclear Ruthenium Complex via Alkyne Insertion into the Ru-C Bond
This investigation delves into the creation, responsiveness, and biological effects of a tri nuclear ruthenium complex formed through the integration of alkynes into the Ru-C bond. Employing a one-pot reaction. The findings indicate that the complex demonstrates notable biological effects, suggesting its potential as a promising candidate for further development as a chemotherapeutic agent. Overall, this research underscores the versatility and biological efficacy of ruthenium complexes.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Fungal Exertion 2-Chloroquinoline-Thazolidinedione Derivatives
A variety of new compounds have been integrated into the structural framework of (5Z)-5-[(2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1yl)quinoline-3-yl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione. The synthesis of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione was accomplished by means of the condensation of 2-chloroquinoline, which later functioned as a pivotal reagent in the reaction with 3-carbaldehydes, resulting in the production of 2,4-thiazolidinedione. Chemical identification was achieved by using elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Additionally, the synthesized compounds were subjected to in vitro testing to assess their antifungal activity against a range of pathogens, such as A. niger, C. albicans.
Development of Eco-friendly Iron Nanoparticles Biosensors Synthesized from Guiera senegalensis Stem-bark Extract for Biomolecule Detection
The development of eco-friendly nanomaterials for biomedical applications has gained significant attention in recent years. In this study, iron (Fe) monometallic nanoparticles were synthesized using Guiera senegalensis stem extract as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent. The green synthesis approach provides a sustainable and non-toxic alternative to conventional chemical methods, while also enhancing nanoparticle stability and biocompatibility. The structural and morphological features of the biosynthesized Fe nanoparticles were characterized using standard analytical techniques. These nanoparticles were further employed in the fabrication of a biosensor for the detection of biomolecules, with glucose serving as a model analyte. The Fe-based biosensor demonstrated high sensitivity, good selectivity, and a rapid response time toward glucose detection, highlighting its potential for biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This work underscores the promise of G. senegalensis-mediated Fe nanoparticles as a cost-effective and sustainable platform for next-generation biosensing applications.
Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization and Antibacterial Investigation of Co(II), Fe(III), and Mn(II) Complexes with Schiff Base Ligand Derived from Substituted Aminopyrimidine
The new Schiff base ligand has been synthesized by the condensation of 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6-methylpyrimidine and 3,5 dichlorosalicylaldehyde. Metal complexes of the Schiff base were prepared by the reaction of the Schiff base and Iron nitrate in ethanol solution. The complexes isolated, washed and dried. The Schiff base is pale yellow, while Co(II), Fe(III), and Mn(II) complexes is light yellow.The synthesized compounds have been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and UV-Vis techniques for the ligands and FT-IR, UV-Vis, all reactions monitored by TLC, molar conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurements for the corresponding complexes.The complexe is paramagnetic. The results of the molar conductivity measurements indicated that all complexes are non-electrolytes in (DMSO). An octahedral geometry for all the complexes of. The ligands are bidentate, (L) through phenolic (OH) and azomethine nitrogen. The ligand and its complexes were screened for their antifungal and antibacterial activity against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum, Fusarium moneliforme, Aspergllus flavus and Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, B. subtilis. The result indicated that the complexes exhibited good antifungal and antibacterial activities.
Multivariate Data Analysis for the Discrimination of Ions in Instant Coffee Samples
Coffee is one of the most consumed beverages worldwide, being an integral part of culture, economy, and daily life. Soluble coffee stands out for its practicality and wide acceptance in the market. Its chemical composition can vary according to the origin of the beans, processing, and storage conditions, directly affecting its quality and authenticity. In this context, the determination and discrimination of ions in soluble coffee samples are relevant strategies for quality control and detection of possible adulterations. In this study, five brands of soluble coffee marketed in Vitória da Conquista, Brazil, were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) for the quantification of K⁺, Na⁺, Mg²⁺, NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺. Multivariate data analysis, using principal component analysis (PCA), was applied to explore the ionic profiles. Two principal components explained 75.86% of the total variance. PC1 (48.23%) was dominated by K⁺, Na⁺ and Mg²⁺, while PC2 (27.63%) was mainly influenced by NH₄⁺ and Ca²⁺. Score plots revealed two distinct groups of soluble coffee samples, reflecting heterogeneity in ionic composition and highlighting differences among manufacturers. The results demonstrate that IC combined with exploratory data analysis is effective for the discrimination of soluble coffee samples, contributing to quality monitoring, authenticity verification, and food safety.
Emulsion Liquid Membrane for Malachite Green Dye Removal: Emulsion Stability Studies and Environmental Impact
Extraction of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions was investigated under varying experimental conditions using emulsion liquid membranes (ELMs). The study systematically explored the effects of key process variables and emulsion composition parameters on the dye transport efficiency into the ELMs. The membrane phase comprised kerosene as the diluent, with di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) employed as the carrier, SPAN 80 as the surfactant, and an internal phase of 0.5–2.0 M H2SO4 as the stripping agent. Emulsions were characterized for their internal droplet size distribution, viscosity, and interfacial tension with the external feed phase. Optimal removal of malachite green was achieved using an emulsion system containing 1.0 M H2SO4 as the internal phase (Cio), 8% v/v D2EHPA as the carrier (Cc), and 2.5% wt. SPAN 80 as the surfactant (Cs), with the feed phase maintained at pH 4.0. The emulsions were dispersed at 180 rpm with an emulsion-to-feed phase ratio yielding a holdup (h) of 12.8%. In addition to extraction efficiency, the study conducted comprehensive stability assessments, including swelling behavior over time. Stability was found to be strongly influenced by surfactant concentration and internal phase osmotic pressure. The optimized ELM formulation demonstrated minimal swelling and maintained structural integrity over extended operation, ensuring effective dye extraction and reusability potential.
Recent Advances in Nano-Catalysis: Implications for Green Chemistry
Nano-catalysis represents one of the most promising advancements in the field of green chemistry, combining cutting-edge nanotechnology with catalytic processes to address sustainability challenges in various industries. As global concerns about climate change, energy consumption, and resource depletion continue to grow, the need for more efficient and depletion friendly chemical processes has never been more urgent. Nano-catalysts, due to their unique size, surface characteristics, and tunable properties, have demonstrated enhanced performance compared to traditional catalysts in numerous green chemistry applications. “This paper provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements in nano-catalysis, with a focus on its applications in the reduction of CO2, hydrogen production via water splitting, and the conversion of biomass into biofuels. These applications are particularly significant in the context of achieving a circular carbon economy and transitioning to sustainable energy sources. Metal nanoparticles, carbon-based materials such as graphene, and hybrid nanomaterials have been identified as highly effective in promoting key reactions, offering a pathway for a more efficient and depletion conscious chemical industry. Despite the promising potential, several challenges remain in the large-scale application of nano-catalysts. These challenges include issues related to catalyst stability under harsh reaction conditions, catalyst deactivation, scalability, and the high cost of production. Additionally, concerns regarding the environmental impact and toxicity of nanoparticles need to be addressed to ensure the safety and sustainability of these technologies. This review will explore the recent literature on the design, synthesis, and applications of nano-catalysts, assess the state-of-the-art technologies, and offer a forward-looking perspective on the future of nano-catalysis in green chemistry. By synthesizing current findings and identifying gaps in research, this paper aims to highlight the critical role nano-catalysis will play in shaping the future of sustainable chemistry and the energy transition.,,
A Simplified Approach to α-Ketothiocyanates, Thiocyanatoindoles and Chalcones Using Lithium Chloride
A novel and highly efficient synthetic methodology have been established for the preparation of α-ketothiocyanates, thiocyanatoindoles and Chalcone derivatives. The method employs Lithium chloride in suitable solvent as a catalyst system, which demonstrated its high catalytic activity by affording α-ketothiocyanates, thiocyanatoindoles and Chalcone derivatives with high yields, reaction rates were found to be satisfactory. This methodology is distinguished by its ability to produce highly functionalized chalcones and to perform regioselective thiocyanation of structurally diverse ketones and Indoles.
Cupper Acetyl Acetone Catalyzed Synthesis of 1, 3, 5-Triaryl-2-Pyrazolines Derivatives from Chalcone
Heterocyclic compounds represents an important class of biologically active molecules specifically, those containing the pyrazolone nucleus have been shown to posses high biological activities such as tranquillizing, muscle relaxant, psycho analeptic, anticonvulsant, antihypertensive, antidepressant activities. Despite their potential utility, some of the methods described have disadvantages such as long reaction times, time-consuming product, isolation procedures and environmental problems. In this method, we have reported the synthesis of pyrazoline derivatives using series of substituted chalcones by condensation with phenyl hydrazine and copper acetyl acetonate as a catalyst using ethanol as solvent.
Studies on Physiochemical Property of Cow Milk: A Case Study of Dehradun City (Uttarakhand)
Milk is a dilute emulsion consisting of an oil/fat dispersed phase and an aqueous colloidal continuous phase. The physical properties of milk are similar to those of water but are modified by the presence of various solutes (proteins, lactose and salts) in the continuous phase and by the degree of dispersion of the emulsified and colloidal components. Dehradun is generally safe from any type of milk adulteration however with growing demand of cow milk recommend to ensure the continued compliance with quality standard. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of cow milk produced and marketed in Dehradun City, Uttarakhand. A total of 04 samples of raw cow milk were collected randomly from selected dairy farms from four study sites in the Dehradun City. The principal physiochemical properties of milk include its density, pH, surface tension, viscosity, electrical conductivity and presence of urea, phosphate, sulfate and calcium. The analysis focus on these properties. The obtained results showed that there were significant differences in calcium, urea, pH and surface tension observed in temperature 28°C), between dairy farms milk samples, respectively. The most physicochemical quality of the examined milk sample of site A and B were within the acceptable levels while that of site D was best except milk samples from site C the value electrical conductivity and urea in milk samples were high i.e. 81 mg/100ml (calculated) compare to 14-28 mg/100ml (standard value) implying poor milk quality and can be a sign of animal health issues or adulteration while the value for viscosity and calcium is low i.e. 1.391 cP/cm (standard value 1.5-2.5 cP/cm) and 86 mg/100ml (standard value 120-150 mg/100ml) which imply decreased quality and nutritional or metabolic issues. While the milk quality of site C was very poor and needed to be avoided. Therefore, this suggests the need for improved hygienic practice and educating the public on safety issues to minimize risk of food borne illnesses and maintain product integrity.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity studies of Chromium (III) complexes of a Schiff Base Ligand
Schiff bases are an important class of organic compounds, which have a wide range of application in the field of analysis, biology and inorganic chemistry[1]. Some of these compounds are used as catalysts in polymer[2] [3] and dyes[4]. Schiff base transition Metal complexes have been used as biological models. Manganese, Cobalt, nickel, copper and zinc are important metal elements with biological activity when combined with certain proteins, participating in oxygen transport, electron transfer reactions or ion storage[5]. Schiff bases are excellent biological active compounds due to the presence of N, O or S as hetero atoms prepared by the condensation reaction of carbonye compound (aldehyde or ketone) with a primary amine. Schiff bases found to possess several biological as well as pharmacological activities[6-8].
2-aminothiazole/2- amino-6-methyl pyridine
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation and Molecular Dynamic Study of Oxadiazole Containing Some Novel Schiff Bases
Microbial resistance remains a significant risk and a prominent cause of death worldwide, although massive attempts were made to control infections. In an effort to develop biologically active antimicrobial agents in present study we have reported design, synthesis & biological evaluation and molecular dynamic study of oxadiazole containing novel Schiff bases. In order to increase biological activity and improve drug-likeness, oxadiazole moieties were purposefully added to Schiff base frameworks using bioisosteric replacement principle .The 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole moiety were used to design near about 100 derivatives, online tool FAFDrug4 were used to evaluate the drug-likeness screening. Molecular docking study was performed for their possible inhibitory action on microrgsnism using the PyRx software. The final Schiff base derivatives were obtained by condensation with different aromatic aldehydes with oxadiazole moiety by using zinc chloride as a catalyst the synthesis was performed by microwave irradiation.the present practical yield of obtained Schiff bases are ranging form 70-80%. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectroscopic techniques. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of the synthesized oxadiazole-based Schiff bases was evaluated against selected microbial strains..the top ten Schiff base have exacellaent antifungal activity and moderate antibacterial activity. the Schiff bases VKG-30 and VKG-70 demonstrated moderate antibacterial activity .Furthermore molecular dynamics simulations were also conducted to assess the stability and behavior of ligand-receptor complexes for that VKG-70 schiff bases and dhn protein was used. The integration of synthetic chemistry with computational tools provides valuable insight into the structure-activity relationships of these novel oxadiazole-Schiff base hybrids, offering promising leads for future drug development.
2-aminothiazole/2 - amino-6-methyl pyridine
Synthesis and Characterization of 2-Phenyl-4h-Benzo [D] [3, 1]-Oxazin-4-One with Complexes of Hg (II) and Sn (II) Ions
A ligand PHBO (2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d][3,1]-oxazin-4-one) is synthesized from the condensation of anthranilic acid, benzoyl chloride and acetic anhydride. A new PHBO complexes derived from 2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d] [3,1]-oxazin-4-one with Hg (II) and Sn (II) ions. The prepared metal chelates was characterized by IR, NMR, TGA-DTA, XRD, Elemental analysis and molar conductance measurements. The PHBO ligand and their metal chelates have been tested for their antimicrobial activity using Broth Dilution Method and the results were discussed.
PHBO (2-Phenyl-4H-benzo[d] [3,1]-oxazin-4-one)
Synthesis and Spectroscopic Analysis of S-Triazine-Linked Pyrazolone Derivatives
Pyrazolone is 5-membered heterocycle containing two adjacent nitrogen atoms. It can be viewed as a derivative of pyrazole possessing an additional carbonyl (C=O) group. Compounds containing this functional group are useful commercially in analgesics and dyes. Its play’s important role in drug discovery. Pyrazoles and pyrazolines present a wide range of biological activities. In the present study describe synthesis of various pyrazolones by reaction of N-(1,5-dimethyl-3-oxo-2-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-4-yl) acetamide with cyanuric chloride followed by reflux under ethanol using various aromatic aldehyde in the presence of alkali. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, IR, MASS spectroscopic techniques.
A Novel and Efficient Synthetic Route to (±)-Serinolamide A via Aziridine Ring Opening and Amide Coupling
(±)-Serinolamide A, a serinol-derived fatty acid amide, plays an important role in cannabinoid receptor modulation. While existing synthetic approaches rely on direct amidation or enzymatic coupling, we present a new, efficient and modular synthetic route utilizing selective aziridine ring opening followed by amide bond formation with fatty acid chloride. This method offers enhanced regioselectivity, scalability, and adaptability to structural analogs.
Copyright (c) 2025 Amardeep Ramprasad Jadhao, Adinath Devidas Badar, Pramod Shahajee Phatak, Kiran Fulchand Shelke, Jyotipal Jaiprakash Khadse, Nikhil Bhikaji Umbarkar, Santosh Babanrao Gaikwad (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Innovative Anti-inflammatory Approaches in Chronic Liver Disease and Fibrosis
Chronic liver disease and fibrosis are significant health burdens worldwide, driven by persistent inflammation that exacerbates liver damage and impairs function. Traditional anti-inflammatory treatments, including corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and antiviral therapies, have limitations such as side effects, limited efficacy, and the risk of resistance. This review explores innovative approaches to managing liver inflammation and fibrosis, focusing on biological therapies, gene therapy and RNA-based treatments, natural compounds and dietary interventions, and microbiome modulation. Biologics like monoclonal antibodies and cytokine inhibitors offer targeted reduction of inflammation, while gene editing technologies and RNA interference present precise molecular interventions. Natural compounds and dietary changes provide holistic benefits, and microbiome modulation reveals the potential of gut-liver interactions in treatment strategies. The future of chronic liver disease management lies in these novel therapies, promising enhanced efficacy, reduced side effects, and personalized treatment plans. Advancing these innovations from research to clinical practice is essential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
New Strategies for Manipulating Mitochondrial Dynamics in Cancer Therapy
Mitochondrial dynamics, encompassing fission, fusion, biogenesis, and mitophagy, play critical roles in cancer cell survival and proliferation. Targeting these processes has emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy. Current approaches, including mitochondrial-targeted drugs and inhibitors of key regulatory proteins, have shown potential but face limitations such as off-target effects and resistance. Emerging strategies involve innovative techniques like mitochondrial uncouplers, modulation of calcium homeostasis, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems. Future research aims to develop more selective inhibitors, explore the interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and cellular processes, and enhance targeted delivery systems. These advancements hold significant clinical implications, offering more effective and less toxic cancer treatments, improving the efficacy of existing therapies' efficacy, and enabling personalized approaches. Continued exploration of these strategies promises to advance cancer therapy and improve patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2024 Tolulope Bolarinwa, Opeoluwa Oluwanifemi Akomolafe, Irene Sagay-Omonogor (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Structural Modification of Curcumin Analogues for Enhanced Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Silico Studies
Curcumin, a polyphenolic compound derived from Curcuma longa, is well-documented for its diverse pharmacological properties, including antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. However, its therapeutic potential is hindered by limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid metabolic degradation. To address these challenges, this study focused on the rational design and synthesis of six novel curcumin analogues (CA1–CA6) with tailored structural modifications aimed at enhancing biological activity. The analogues were synthesized via base-catalyzed Claisen–Schmidt condensation using substituted aromatic aldehydes, introducing various electron-withdrawing and electron-donating groups. Structural integrity and purity were confirmed using FTIR, UV-Vis, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, and MS analyses, with yields ranging from 68–87% and purity above 93%. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. CA3 and CA5, bearing nitro and chloro groups respectively, exhibited superior antibacterial efficacy (MIC: 12.5–25 µg/mL), indicating enhanced membrane permeability and target affinity. Antioxidant potential, assessed by the DPPH radical scavenging assay, showed that CA2 and CA4 (with hydroxyl and methoxy substitutions) achieved the lowest IC₅₀ values (18.2 and 21.5 µg/mL), consistent with their radical stabilization capacity. In silico molecular docking revealed strong binding affinities of CA3 and CA5 with bacterial DNA gyrase, while CA2 showed significant interaction with human peroxiredoxin. ADMET profiling predicted favorable pharmacokinetics, with all analogues adhering to Lipinski’s Rule of Five and exhibiting high gastrointestinal absorption and low toxicity. These results highlight the importance of structure-based modifications for improving curcumin’s pharmacological profile and support further in vivo and mechanistic investigations.
Enantioselective Organ Catalytic Synthesis of Chiral Spirooxindoles via One-Pot Cascade Reactions: A Greener Strategy for Drug-Like Molecules
The development of efficient and sustainable synthetic methodologies for constructing stereochemically rich scaffolds remains a central focus in modern organic chemistry. In this study, we report a green and highly enantioselective organocatalytic one-pot cascade reaction for the synthesis of chiral spirooxindoles—scaffolds of significant pharmacological interest. The reaction sequence involves a Michael addition, followed by a Mannich-type reaction and intramolecular cyclization, catalyzed by a bifunctional squaramide-based organocatalyst under mild conditions in ethanol, a green solvent. Through systematic optimization, we identified squaramide–quinine as the most efficient catalyst, affording excellent yields (up to 89%), high enantioselectivities (up to 93% ee), and complete diastereocontrol (>20:1 dr). The reaction demonstrated broad substrate compatibility with various N-substituted isatins and nitroalkenes, enabling the synthesis of a diverse set of spirooxindole derivatives. Structural characterization was confirmed by NMR, HRMS, and X-ray crystallography. In silico ADME studies indicated favorable drug-likeness profiles, with all compounds satisfying Lipinski's rule of five. Furthermore, the protocol aligns with green chemistry principles, exhibiting excellent atom economy (83.4%) and a low E-factor (2.7). The one-pot cascade nature minimizes purification steps, reduces waste, and enhances synthetic efficiency. This study offers a practical, scalable, and environmentally responsible method for accessing biologically relevant spirooxindoles, paving the way for future applications in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.
Supramolecular Self-Assembly Of Π-Conjugated Organic Molecules: Toward Functional Materials for Organic Electronics
The precise supramolecular self-assembly of π-conjugated organic molecules plays a critical role in the development of advanced materials for organic electronics, including organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). This paper reviews recent progress in the molecular design strategies that enable controlled self-assembly through non-covalent interactions such as π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and van der Waals forces. Special emphasis is placed on the impact of structural parameters—such as core planarity, side-chain engineering, amphiphilicity, and chirality—on electronic properties and solid-state morphology. Furthermore, we discuss the strong structure–property relationships governing charge transport, optical absorption/emission, and crystallinity. Representative π-conjugated systems, including perylene diimides (PDI), tetrathiafulvalenes (TTF), oligothiophenes, and phthalocyanines, are highlighted for their ability to form functionally relevant supramolecular architectures. This review aims to elucidate the design principles that guide the assembly of high-performance organic electronic materials and offers a perspective on future research directions for achieving scalable, stable, and efficient devices.
Visible-Light-Mediated C–H Functionalization via Photoredox Catalysis: A Mechanistic Investigation and Synthetic Applications
The development of mild, sustainable, and efficient C–H bond functionalization strategies has significantly advanced modern organic synthesis. In this study, we report a visible-light-mediated approach to direct C–H functionalization using photoredox catalysis. Employing [Ir(dF(CF₃)ppy)_2(dtbbpy)]PF₆ as the photocatalyst under blue LED irradiation, a wide range of arenes, alkylarenes, and heterocycles underwent selective C–H bromination under ambient conditions. Reaction optimization revealed that the combination of MeCN as solvent and AcOH as an additive led to high yields and regioselectivity, particularly favoring para-substitution in electron-rich arenes and benzylic bromination in alkylarenes. Radical trapping, Stern–Volmer analysis, and kinetic isotope effect (KIE) studies confirmed a radical mechanism initiated by oxidative quenching of the photocatalyst by N-bromosuccinimide (NBS). A primary KIE of 3.1 highlighted C–H bond cleavage as the rate-determining step. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations supported the proposed mechanism by revealing favorable energy barriers and stable radical intermediates. The method showed high tolerance toward functional groups and was scalable to multigram synthesis without yield deterioration. Despite decreased efficiency with unactivated sp³ C–H bonds and electron-deficient arenes, the strategy presents a valuable platform for late-stage functionalization and further mechanistic exploration. This work provides key mechanistic insight and demonstrates the synthetic potential of photoredox-driven C–H functionalization as a green and practical tool in organic chemistry.
Design and Synthesis of Eco-Friendly Heterocyclic Compounds Using Bio-Based Catalysts: A Sustainable Approach to Drug Discovery
Heterocyclic compounds represent a cornerstone of medicinal chemistry due to their diverse biological activities and prevalence in clinically approved pharmaceuticals. However, conventional synthetic routes for heterocycles often rely on hazardous reagents, toxic solvents, and energy-intensive conditions, posing significant environmental and safety concerns. In response to these challenges, this study explores a sustainable and eco-friendly synthetic approach utilizing bio-based catalysts—including plant extracts, microbial broths, and enzymatic systems—for the efficient construction of pharmacologically relevant heterocyclic scaffolds. The primary objectives were to (i) evaluate the catalytic efficiency and selectivity of various bio-derived catalysts in heterocycle formation, (ii) assess the green chemistry metrics associated with these methods, and (iii) confirm the structural integrity and pharmaceutical potential of the synthesized compounds. A range of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heterocycles were synthesized under mild, aqueous, and solvent-free conditions, demonstrating high atom economy, low E-factors, and excellent reaction yields (78–93%). Spectroscopic techniques (FTIR, NMR, MS, UV–Vis) confirmed the structures of the final products, while green metrics and catalyst reusability studies emphasized the sustainability and scalability of the methodology. Mechanistic insights suggest that the catalytic activities stem from enzymatic or phytochemical-mediated pathways, providing regioselective and environmentally benign alternatives to traditional synthesis. This study highlights the promise of integrating bio-catalysis into heterocyclic drug synthesis, offering a green platform for early-stage pharmaceutical development and a valuable contribution to sustainable organic chemistry.
Development of Novel Quinoline Derivatives as Dual-Target Inhibitors: Synthesis, Characterization, and Anticancer Potential
In this study, a novel series of hybrid molecules was rationally designed and synthesized to function as dual inhibitors targeting both epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), two critical therapeutic targets in cancer. The synthetic approach yielded compounds in high purity (≥95%) and moderate to excellent yields (62–91%), confirmed through spectroscopic (¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, HRMS) and analytical techniques. Structural novelty was validated through database searches. A comprehensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis revealed that electron-withdrawing groups such as –NO₂ and –CF₃ significantly enhanced dual-target inhibitory activity, while bulky ortho-substituents negatively influenced potency. Lead compounds, particularly 1a and 1c, demonstrated superior bioactivity with sub-micromolar IC₅₀ values against both targets. Notably, compound 1c exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity in A549 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, outperforming reference drugs Gefitinib and Vorinostat. Mechanistic studies confirmed that lead compounds induced apoptosis via mitochondrial pathways, evidenced by increased caspase-3 activation and Bcl-2 downregulation. Additionally, dual inhibition of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways was observed, suggesting multi-pathway suppression as a mechanism of anticancer efficacy. The dual-selectivity profile and favorable in vitro potency position these compounds as promising candidates for further development in targeted cancer therapy.
Frameworks for AI and IoT-Driven Early Warning Systems to Predict and Mitigate the Impact of Chemical Spills in Public Water Supplies
Chemical spills in public water supplies pose significant threats to public health and the environment. To address these challenges, this paper presents a comprehensive framework for AI and IoT-driven early warning systems designed to predict and mitigate the impact of such spills. The framework integrates advanced AI-driven predictive analytics with extensive IoT sensor networks to enhance real-time monitoring and early detection capabilities. Key findings highlight the importance of system scalability, real-time data processing, and robust design principles to ensure continuous operation and data integrity. The paper also addresses critical data security and privacy concerns, emphasizing the need for strong encryption, secure authentication, and regulatory compliance. Technical and operational challenges, such as sensor reliability and the integration of heterogeneous devices, are discussed, alongside strategies for overcoming these obstacles, including standardization and predictive maintenance. Recommendations for stakeholders and policymakers focus on fostering collaboration, investing in reliable technologies, enhancing data security measures, and raising public awareness. The proposed framework aims to provide a resilient and efficient solution for safeguarding public water supplies against chemical spills, ultimately protecting public health and the environment.
Eco-Friendly Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles Mediated by Eugenia roxburghii DC. Extract with Antibiofilm Efficacy against Pathogenic Bacteria
The increasing resistance of bacteria to conventional antibiotics necessitates the exploration of alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study presents a green, eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using methanolic leaf extract of Eugenia roxburghii DC., a medicinal plant known for its rich phytochemical content. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and zeta potential analysis. A distinct surface plasmon resonance peak at 417 nm confirmed nanoparticle formation, while XRD and HR-TEM analyses revealed a crystalline, predominantly spherical morphology with an average particle size of 24–35 nm. The AgNPs exhibited strong antibacterial activity, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus, as demonstrated by disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. Furthermore, the nanoparticles significantly inhibited biofilm formation, as observed on Congo Red Agar plates. These findings underscore the potential of E. roxburghii-mediated AgNPs as a sustainable and biocompatible alternative for combating pathogenic bacteria and biofilm-related infections. Future in vivo and toxicological studies are warranted to evaluate clinical applicability.
Antiviral Activity of Novel Quinoxaline Derivative Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, Human Cytomegalovirus, and Varicella-Zoster
Quinoxalines are nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds that are both widely recognized and significant. They form the ring complexity that consists of a pyrazine ring and a benzene ring. Distinctly substituted quinoxalines and related compounds, which are incorporated with an abundance of functional groups, constitute significant biological substances. A substantial quantity of studying has been focused towards this class. An assortment of innovative 5H-indolo-(2,3-b) quinoxaline derivatives that have a possibility to act as antiviral drugs. Plaque-reduction technique was implemented to evaluate the antiviral and cytotoxicity of a number of the synthesized compounds. The investigation employed the following methods: adjusting the virus by successive dilutions in the culture medium and assaying it in three separate batches on Vero the monolayers in each well of microtiter trays. The EC50, or the compound concentration necessary for minimizing virus-induced cytopathicity or viral plaque development by 50%, was used to express antiviral activity. Compound b demonstrated promising antiviral activity, while the majority of the compounds investigated exhibited cytotoxicity at a concentration of 160 ug/ml. The current study offered a comprehensive understanding of the synthesis of quinoxaline and its biological properties, as well as its antiviral properties against varicella-zoster virus, human cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex virus type 1.
Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Wastewater using Nanotechnology: A Review
Water pollution refers to the contamination of water sources by substances which make the water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites. All these forms of pollution, directly or indirectly, make their way to water. Millions of people have lost their lives due to consumption of contaminated water. Due to rapid increase in population, development of new industries, there has been increase in water contamination. Major sources of water contaminants are in the form of organic pollutants, inorganic & biological pollutants. Inorganic pollutants include heavy metals like Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Cr, Hg etc. These heavy metals are harmful if consumed above their safety limits. Heavy metal-based industries have grown rapidly, and this has resulted in serious environmental problems with local dumping and wastewater from these industries. Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding science with noteworthy outcomes in practically all areas of life. In recent years, active researchers are mostly interested in nanomaterials because of their distinctive characteristics, such as excellent reactivity and better catalysis. This review article, firstly, emphasizes on the methods employed for removal of Heavy Metal Ions from wastewater. Also, different types of nanomaterials used in the removal of Heavy Metal Ions & their future prospects are discussed further.